ToothDecay
蛀牙
Whatistoothdecay?
什么是蛀牙(龋齿)?
Toothdecayreferstothelossofmineralsfromtoothstructurecausedbybacteria.
蛀牙是指因细菌而导致牙齿组织内的矿物质流失。
Whydoesatoothbecomedecayed?
牙齿为什么会蛀坏?
Thetoothsurfacesarenormallycoveredwithdentalplaque.Thebacteriainthedentalplaquewillmetabolizethesugarsinyourfoodandproduceacidswhichwilldemineralizethetoothsurface.
一般来说,牙齿表面附着一层牙菌膜。每次进食时,牙菌膜的细菌会分解食物中的糖分,产生酸素,酸素侵害牙齿表层的组织,导致矿物质流失。
Salivacanreduceacidattackstowardsteethbyneutralizingitandpreventfurtherlossofminerals.However,itmusthaveenoughtimeforsalivatowork.
口腔内的唾液可以中和酸素,阻止矿物质流失,不过唾液必须要有足够时间才可发挥作用。
Ifweeatanddrinkfrequently,salivawillnothaveenoughtimetowork.Themineralsontoothsurfacewillcontinuetoloseout,andthentoothdecaymayoccur.
如果进食次数频密,唾液就不能有效发挥作用,牙齿表面的矿物质就会持续流失,形成蛀牙。
Symptomsandtreatmentmethodsoftoothdecay
征状和治疗
Earlystageoftoothdecay
蛀牙开始
Decayusuallyoccursatenamelofthetooth.Earlystageoftoothdecayisusuallypainlessandthetoothseemsundamagedfromnakedeye.Therefore,itisdifficulttonoticethedecay.
初期蛀牙的部位通常是在牙齿的珐琅质,患者没有任何不舒服的感觉,牙齿表面通常是完整,凭肉眼看是不见有蛀洞的,因此患者并不知道牙齿已经被蚀坏。
Theearlytoothdecaycanberestoredbyapplicationofconcentratedfluoridebydentist.
牙科医生可以在患有初期蛀牙的部位涂上高浓度的氟化物,修复初期蛀坏的部份。
Toothdecayspreadsintodentine
蛀牙蔓延至象牙质
Whentoothdecayspreadsintodentine,acavitymayappear,andpainisfeltwheneating
吃冷、热、酸、甜食物时,患者可能会感到牙齿酸痛;此外,牙齿可能出现蛀洞。
Treatment:
治疗:
Adentalfillingcanbeplacedwhenthecavityis
smallandthebulkofthetoothremainssound.
Crowncanbeplacedwhenthecavityiswidespreadandtheremainingtoothisweak.
蛀坏的范围大,牙齿又很脆弱,可进行镶配人造牙冠。
Toothdecayspreadsintothepulp
蛀牙蔓延至牙髓
Atthisstage,thecariouscavityisobviousandcauseseverepain.Thepulptissuesareinfectedbythebacteriaandmaybecomeinflamedorevennecrotic.Thebacteriamayspreadfromthepulptothetoothsurroundingtissuesviatheapexofthetooth,leadingtotheformationofabscess.
产生剧痛,影响睡眠,即使吃止痛药也可能无法缓解痛楚。牙齿可能出现明显蛀洞,牙髓也可能受细菌感染,甚至坏死,细菌可能从牙髓经牙根部分扩散到附近的牙周组织,引致发炎,并可能产生脓肿。
Treatment:
治疗:
Pulptreatment,andfollowedbyfilling,orcrown,dependingontheconditionoftheremainingtoothstructure.
Ifpulptreatmentisnotappropriate,anextractionwillbenecessary.
进行牙髓治疗(杜牙根),如有需要,会镶配人造牙冠。
如果牙科医生认为患牙不适合施行牙髓治疗,就需要
拔牙。
Consequenceoftoothdecay
蛀牙引致的后果
Thedecayedcavityemitsunpleasantodourandcausesbadbreath.Thisdirectlyaffectsthenormalsociallife.
蛀坏部份会发出异味,导致
口臭,直接影响日常的社交生活。
Toothdecaymayleadtopersistentpain,whichmaynotbecontrolledbypainkiller,andthereforeaffectsone‘sappetite,studies,workandsleep.
蛀牙可能会带来持续不断的疼痛,即使吃止痛药也不能缓解痛楚,因而影响食欲、学业、工作和睡眠。
Whenthereisseveretoothdecay,thebacteriamayspreadfromthepulptothetoothsurroundingtissuesviatheapexofthetooth,leadingtotheformationofabscess.
蛀牙严重时,细菌甚至可能从牙髓经根尖孔扩散到邻近的牙周组织,引致发炎并产生脓肿。
Ifatoothisseverelydamaged,andevenpulptreatmentisnotapplicable,anextractionisthennecessary.Afterextraction,theneighbouringteethmayshifttowardstheemptyspaceandcausemalocclusion.
当蛀牙严重至牙髓治疗也无法补救时就必需把牙齿拔除。牙齿给拔除后,邻近的牙齿就有机会移向缺牙空隙,造成牙齿移位。
Prevention
预防
Brushyourteethwithfluoridetoothpaste
早晚用含氟化物的牙膏刷牙
Fluoridestrengthenstheteethbyincreasingtheirresistancetoacidattack.Fluoridealsofacilitatesmineralstore-entertheteeth(remineralization)andhelpsrestoreearlytoothdecay.Therefore,youshouldbrushinthemorningandbeforebedatnightwithfluoridetoothpaste.
Photographofachildbrushinghisteethinthemorningandbeforebedatnight.
Regulardentalcheck-up
氟化物可以巩固牙齿,使牙齿不易受酸素侵袭;氟化物亦有助流失的矿物质返回牙齿,使初期蛀牙得以修复。所以,应每天早上起床及晚上睡前用含氟化物的牙膏刷牙。
Haveregulardentalcheck-upatleastonceayearsothattoothdecay.canbediagnosedatanearlystage.Preventivedentaltreatmentssuchasfissuresealantscanbeapplied.
每年定期检查口腔
每年至少一次到牙科医生检查口腔,以便及早发现蛀牙,并按需要接受预防蛀牙的治疗,例如用窝沟封闭剂把牙齿表面的纹沟封闭。